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Parnassius Eversmanni, P. Eversmanni
''Parnassius'' is a genus of northern circumpolar and montane (alpine and Himalayan) butterflies usually known as Apollos or snow Apollos. They can vary in colour and form significantly based on their altitude. They also show an adaptation to high altitudes called altitudinal melanism. They show dark bodies and darkened colouration at the wingbase which helps them warm faster using the sun. Although classified under the swallowtail butterfly family, none of the ''Parnassius'' species possesses tails. The larvae feed on species of plants belonging to the Papaveraceae and Crassulaceae families, and like the other swallowtail butterfly larvae, possess an osmeterium. Unlike most butterflies that have exposed pupae, they pupate inside a loose silken cocoon. Identification and ecology ''Parnassius'' species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia. The phylogeny of the group is still under study using molecular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassus (other)
Mount Parnassus is a mountain in Greece, sacred in mythology and a metaphor for the arts and learning. Parnassus or Parnassos may also refer to: Geography Greece and Rome * Parnassos (municipality), a former municipality in Phocis, Greece, named for Mount Parnassus * Parnassus (Cappadocia), an ancient Roman town in Asia Minor, a former Catholic diocese and present titular see New Zealand * Parnassus, New Zealand, a town on the South Island United States * Mount Parnassus (Colorado), a summit in the Rocky Mountains * Mount Sutro, formerly Mount Parnassus, a hill in San Francisco, California * Parnassus, Pennsylvania, a neighborhood of New Kensington, Pennsylvania Humanities Literature and mythology * Parnassos, in myth, the son of the nymph Cleodora (nymph), Cleodora, and namesake of the mountain * Parnassus plays, a comedic cycle originally performed at Cambridge University 1598–1602 * ''Parnassos'', a Greek literary magazine published by the Parnassos Literary Society in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Drift
Genetic drift, also known as allelic drift or the Wright effect, is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation. It can also cause initially rare alleles to become much more frequent and even fixed. When few copies of an allele exist, the effect of genetic drift is more notable, and when many copies exist, the effect is less notable. In the middle of the 20th century, vigorous debates occurred over the relative importance of natural selection versus neutral processes, including genetic drift. Ronald Fisher, who explained natural selection using Mendelian genetics, held the view that genetic drift plays at most a minor role in evolution, and this remained the dominant view for several decades. In 1968, population geneticist Motoo Kimura rekindled the debate with his neutral theory of molecular evolution, which claims that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassius Bremeri
''Parnassius bremeri'' is a high altitude butterfly which is found in Russia, Korea and China . It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (''Parnassius'') of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae). Over its vast range (Transbaikal, the Amur and Ussuri regions and the Kuriles), the species varies widely in morphology and many subspecies have been described. ''P. bremeri'' is found in open landscapes on forest-steppe, as well as slopes with woodlands up to the alpine zone (1,500 m.). The flight period is May and June. Known host plants are: ''Sedum'' - ''Sedum clizoorl'', ''S. ussuriensis'', ''S. ishida'' and '' Orostachys malacophylla''. Description It is similar to ''Parnassius phoebus'' but smaller and with wing veins almost indistinct against the ground color. The hindwing has a red basal spot. Note: The wing pattern in ''Parnassius'' species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassius Boedromius
''Parnassius boedromius'' is a high-altitude butterfly found in Asia. It has a restricted range, known only along the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Xinjiang, China. Formerly a subspecies of ''Parnassius simo''. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (''Parnassius'') of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae Swallowtail butterflies are large, colorful butterflies in the family Papilionidae, and include over 550 species. Though the majority are tropical, members of the family inhabit every continent except Antarctica. The family includes the larg ...). Description Note: The wing pattern in ''Parnassius'' species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975). ''Parnassius boedromius'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassius Behrii
''Parnassius behrii'', the Sierra Nevada parnassian, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is native to the Sierra Nevada of California, US, where it is found in habitats such as rock slides, alpine tundra, and stream edges. Adults use members of the family Asteraceae as nectar plants, and both adults and larvae use ''Sedum'' species as nectar and host plants. ''P. behrii'' has one flight from mid-July to early September. The wingspan measures . The dorsal forewing has two black spots and one to three yellow-orange spots along the costa. The hindwing has two yellow-orange spots. The abdomen has pale yellow hairs. Males fly close to the ground when searching for females. The eggs are laid singly on many surfaces. The caterpillars feed on the leaves of the host plant and will sometimes consume the flowers and seeds. ''P. behrii'' hibernates as an egg. Description A rather large form, in which the male usually has somewhat longer wings, the submarginal band is m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassius Baileyi
''Parnassius baileyi'', or Bailey's Apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly which is found in southwestern China (Sichuan, northern Yunnan and eastern Tibet). It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (''Parnassius'') of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae). The taxonomic status of this butterfly is uncertain. ''P. baileyi'' was originally described as a subspecies of '' P. acco,'' later as a subspecies of ''P. rothschildianus'' Bryk, 1931 and also '' P. przewalskii'' (Alphérakyi 1887), and now also treated as a separate species (Weiss 1992), (Chou, 1994). Molecular studies suggest it is the sister species of ''P. acco''. The butterfly was named for Frederick Marshman Bailey who collected the first specimens. Subspecies *''Parnassius baileyi baileyi'' *''Parnassius baileyi bubo'' Bryk, 1938 *''Parnassius baileyi rothschildianus'' Bryk, 1931 References *Chou, I. (ed) 1994. Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium (Monograph of Chinese Butterflies) n Chinese Henan Scientific and Tec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassius Autocrator
''Parnassius autocrator'' is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. ''Parnassius autocrator'' is a high-altitude butterfly (up to 3,000 m). The preferred larval food plant is ''Corydalis adiantifolia''. References Further reading *Krejtsberg A. V., 1987 Ecologie de Parnassius autocrator (Lepidoptera): une espèce rare de papilionidés On the ecology of Parnassius autocrator (Lepidoptera): a rare species of papilionids '' Zoologičeskij žurnal'' (in Russian) ISSN 0044-5134 Nauka, Moskva Russian Federation * * sv:''Parnassius autocrator'' Swedish Wikipedia provides further references and synonymy External links *Goran WaldeckPhotosText and photos autocrator ''Autokrator'' or ''Autocrator'' ( grc-gre, αὐτοκράτωρ, autokrátōr, , self-ruler," "one who rules by himself," whence English "autocrat, from grc, αὐτός, autós, self, label=none + grc, κράτος, krátos, dominion, power ... Butte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassius Ariadne
''Parnassius ariadne'' is a high altitude butterfly which is found in Central Asia (Altaï entering Russia, China, la Mongolia and Kazakhstan). It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (''Parnassius'') of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae). Identification Note: The wing pattern in ''Parnassius'' species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975). Description Wings white. Cell-spots of forewing elongate-rotundate, deep black; beyond the cell an abbreviated curved macular band and near the vitreous distal edge a similar, but nearly complete and more strongly marked band. Hindwing with two distinct red or yellow ocelli, and two anal spots, bearing sometimes red pupils; abdominal margin black grey. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassius Arcticus
''Parnassius arcticus'', the Siberian Apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly which is found in Northeastern Yakutia, Russia. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (''Parnassius'') of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. The taxonomic status of this butterfly is uncertain. It was originally described from females only as a Siberian subspecies of ''Parnassius simo'', a species which does not occur in Siberia. Eisner, the author of the subspecies later decided it was conspecific with ''Parnassius tenedius''. Korshunov & Gorbunov (1995) regard it as a good (full) species with ''ammosovi'' Korshunov as a junior synonym. ''P. ammasovi'' lives on scree at 1,500 m. The adult flies mid-June to early July. Eggs are laid on stones around the host plant, ''Corydalis gorodkovi''. External links |
Parnassius Apollonius
''Parnassius apollonius'' is a member of the snow Apollo genus ''Parnassius'' of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. It is found in central and south Kazakhstan, the south Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Dzhungarsky Alatau, Tian-Shan, Ghissar-Darvaz, the Pamirs-Alai and west China.P. V. Bogdanov, A. L. Devyatkin, L. V. Kabak, V. A. Korolev, V. S. Murzin, G. D. Samodurov, E. A. Tarasov, and V. K. Tuzov (1997) Guide to the butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Volume 1: Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae. Pensoft. This species is found from a broad altitudinal zone (500 to 3,000 m). Adults fly over dry mountain slopes in May, June and July depending on the altitude. Larval host plants include ''Pseudosedum'', and '' Rosularia'' species. Diagnostic description Note. The wing pattern in ''Parnassius'' species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural charac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassius Apollo
The Apollo or mountain Apollo (''Parnassius apollo''), is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. Etymology The species is named in the classical tradition for the deity Apollo. Subspecies Subspecies include: * ''Parnassius apollo apollo'' L. * ''Parnassius apollo alpherakyi'' Krulikowsky, 1906 * ''Parnassius apollo bartholomaeus'' Stichel, 1899 * ''Parnassius apollo democratus'' Kulikowsky, 1906 * ''Parnassius apollo filabricus'' Sagarra, 1933 * ''Parnassius apollo gadorensis'' Rougeot & Capdeville, 1969 ( Sierra de Gádor). Extinct. * ''Parnassius apollo geminus'' Schawerda, 1907 * ''Parnassius apollo graecus'' Ziegler, 1901 * ''Parnassius apollo hesebolus'' Nordmann, 1851 * ''Parnassius apollo hispanicus'' Oberthür, 1909 Central (Spain) * ''Parnassius apollo limicola'' Stichel, 1906 * ''Parnassius apollo merzbacheri'' Fruhstorfer, 1906 * ''Parnassius apollo nevadensis'' Oberthür, 1891 ( Sierra Nevada) * ''Parnassius apollo provincialis'' Kheil, 1905 * ''Parnassius apoll ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parnassius Andreji
''Parnassius andreji '' is a snow butterfly found in China. The species was first described by Curt Eisner in 1930. ''Parnassius andreji'' was described as a subspecies of ''Parnassius simo''. It is now treated as a full species occurring sympatrically with ''Parnassius simo''. References * Weiss, J.-C. 1991. ''The Parnassiinae of the World'' - Part 1. Sciences Nat, Venette; 48 pp. *Chou, I. (ed) 1994. ''Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium'' (Monograph of Chinese Butterflies) n Chinese N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''. History ... Henan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, hengzhou 2 vols., viii, 855 pp. * Koiwaya, S. 1995. Re-assortment of ''Parnassius simo'' and ''andreji'' - On the discovery of sympatric habitat of ''P. simo'' and ''P. andreji'', with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
